Baltes’s Conceptualization of Life-Span Development
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model of Human Development
Obtaining Information about Behaviour and Development
What Degree of Control?
Recording Data
Reliability and Validity
Participant Characteristics
Children/Young People as Active Participants in Research
Working with the Data: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Objectivity and Bias
Ethical Issues
What Implications does Psychological Knowledge have for Society?
The Rights of Children
The Well-being of Children
The Scientific Status of Psychology[/rtoc]
Biological and Cultural Theories of Development[rtoc]
Genetics and the Groundplan for Development
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Genes, and Shared and Non-Shared Environment
Identifying Genes and the Human Genome Project
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down Syndrome
The Brain and Developmental Neuroscience
How Behaviour Develops: Nature and Nurture
Instinct, Maturation and Learning
Rigidity and Flexibility
Imprinting and the Concept of Sensitive Periods
Individual and Social Learning Processes
Social Learning, Tradition and Culture
Communication Systems in Monkeys and Apes
Teaching
Thinking in Primates
The Evolution of High Intelligence
The Evolution of ‘Mindreading’ and of Metarepresentational Thought
Apes, Humans and Culture
Evolution and Human Behaviour
Evolutionary Theory
Evolutionary Theory and Human Behvaiour
Parent-offspring weaning conflicts among the Bofi farmers and foragers of Central Africa
Evolutionary Psychology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Criticisms of the Evolutionary Approach
Belsky and Pluess’ Three Models of Human Plasticity
Culture and Development
Cultural-Ecological Models
Development through participation in sociocultural activity
Social Constructionist Approaches
Deconstructing Developmental Psychology[/rtoc]
Part II: Prenatal Development and Birth
Prenatal Development and Birth[rtoc]
From Conception to Birth
Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
Sex Hormones and Male-Famle Differentiation
Fetal Learning
Prenatal Risks
Newborn and Fetal response to the human voice
Pregnancy Sickness
The Nature of Birth
Interaction Immediately after Birth
Breastfeeding
Premature and low birthweight babies
Cognitive status, language attainment and pre-reading skills of 6-year-old very preterm children and their peers: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study
Early Social Behaviour and Social Interactions
Behaviours that Operate Primarily in Social Situations
Behaviours to which Social Responses are Given
An Ability to Learn
An Enjoyment of Contingent Responding by Others
Early Behavioural Routines
Imitation
The Respective Roles of Infant and Caregiver
Very Early Bonding: The Work of Klaus and Kennell
Temperament
The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS): Patterns of Infant Care in the UK at 9 months[/rtoc]
Part III: The Social World of the Child
Parents and Families[rtoc]
The Development of Attachment Relationships
Who are Attachments Made With?
The Security of Attachment
Implications of Infant Attachment Security
Is the Strange Situation Valid Cross-Culturally?
Why do Infants Develop Certain Attachment Types?
Infant-mother attachment among the Dogon of Mali
Disorganized Attachment and Unresolved Attachment Representations
Attachments beyond Infancy and Internal Working Models
The Adult Attachment Interview
Are Attachment Types Stable Over Time?
Are Attachment Types Stable over Generations?
Attachment Theory as a Paradigm
Bowlby’s ‘Maternal Deprivation’ Hypothesis
The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectational relationships of 4-year-old children
Care outside the family
Fostering
Childminding and Day Care
The NICHD Longitudinal Study
Day Care: An Overview
Fathers
Historical Changes in Father Involvement
Fathering and Child Outcomes
Non-resident or Absent Fathers
Grandparents
Grandparents as Surrogate Parents
Grandparents and Divorced Families
Types of Family
Lesbian and Gay Parents
Styles of Parenting
Conflict between Parents
Divorce
Step-Parenting
Physical Punishment and the ‘Smacking’ Debate
Child Maltreatment, Neglect and Abuse
Assessment and Extent of Child Maltreatment
The Effects of Child Maltreatment
Causes of Child Maltreatment
Models of Parenting
The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS): Patterns of Childcare in the UK at 3 and 5 Years[/rtoc]
Siblings and the Peer Group[rtoc]
Early Peer Relationships
Siblings
Siblings in the Home Environment
Sibling Influences: Play, Teaching
Sibling Influences: Conflict and Social Comparison
Sibling Influences: Theory of Mind
Twins and Multiplets
Only Children
Family Size, Birth Order, Intelligence and Creative Lives
Peer Relationships in Preschool and School
Measuring Peer Relationships: Sociometry
The Concept of Sociometric Status
Dimensions and types of social status: a cross-age perspective
A Social Information Processing Model
Rejected Children
Subtypes of Rejected Children
Popular and Controversial Children
Perceived Popularity
Neglected Children, Loneliness and Social Withdrawal
Friendship
What Characterizes Friendship?
Origins of Friendship
Conceptions of Friendship
Quality of Friendship
Monthly instability in early adolescent friendship networks and depressive symptoms
The Importance of Peer Relations and Friendship
A Long-term Study of Correlates of Childhood
Friendship and Sociometric Status
Enemies
Social Skills Training
Immigration, Acculturation and Friendships in Multicultural Settings
Family and Peer Relationships
Group Socialization Theory and the Role of the Peer Group: How Important are Families?[/rtoc]
Developing Emotional Intelligence and Social Awareness[rtoc]
How Children Begin to Understand Self and Others
The Infant’s Recognition of Self
How Children Categorize Others
Emotional Development
Producing Emotions
Recognizing Emotions in Others
Understanding Others’ Emotions, Desires and Beliefs
Developing Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Regulation
Emotional Intelligence
Trait emotional intelligence and children’s peer relations at school
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Circle Time for social and emotional learning in primary schools
Early Sex Differences and the Development of Gender Identity
Sex Differences among Children in Western Societies
Awareness of Gender Identity and Sex Differences
Cross-cultural Studies
Theories of Sex-Role Identification
Biological Factors
Social Learning Theory
Social Constructionist Approaches
Cognitive-developmental Theory and Gender Schemas
Social Cognitive Theory
Children’s Awareness of and Attitudes to Different Ethnic and National Groups
Ethnic Awareness and Preference
Emphasizing Diversity[/rtoc]
Play[rtoc]
Characteristics of Playful Behaviour
Exploration and Play
The Development of Play
Play Types and Sequences
Physical Activity Play
Rough-and-tumble Play
Play with Objects
Fantasy and Sociodramatic Play
Universal, developmental and variable aspects of young children’s play: a cross-cultural comparison of pretending at home
Imaginary Companions
Language Play
War Toys and War Play
Video and Computer Games
Games with Rules
Factors Affecting Play
Play in Different Cultures and the ‘Play Ethos’
Play Theorists
The Benefits of Play: The Evidence
The Forms of Play
Correlational Studies
Boys’ and girls’ uses of objects for exploration, play and tools in early childhood
Experimental Studies
Play Therapy
Models of Benefits of Play
The Benefits of Play: An Overview[/rtoc]
Children and Media[rtoc]
Children’s Use of Media
Children and Television
Learning from Television
Sesame Street
Television in Relation to Other Activities
Influence of Television: Stereotypes
Influence of Television: Aggression and Violence
A Longitudinal, Correlational Study on Adolescents
A Two-site Longitudinal Study
Computer Games
Advertising to Children
Unhealthy Food Products
Food choice and overconsumption: effect of a premier sports celebrity endorser
Children’s Understanding of Advertisements
Product Placement and Advergames
Effects of Advertising on Children
Exploring the relationship between children’s knowledge of text message abbreviations and school literacy outcomes
Media Interventions
Restrictive Interventions
Co-viewing
Media Literacy[/rtoc]
Helping Others and Moral Development[rtoc]
The Development of Prosocial Behaviour
Experimental Studies
Observational Studies
Factors Influencing Prosocial Behaviour
Parenting
Siblings
School and the Peer Group
Peer Support Systems in Schools
Sex Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
The effects of primary division, student-mediated conflict resolution programs on playground aggression
Cross-cultural Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Piaget’s Theory
Kohlberg’s Theory
Early Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Later Revisions of Kohlberg’s Theory
The Social-Cognitive Domain Approach to Moral Development
Does moral and social-conventional reasoning predict British young people’s judgements about the rights of asylum seeker youth?
The Age of Moral Responsibility in the Context of Youth Crime
Can We Teach Moral Values?
Emotional Literacy
The PATHS Intervention
Results of the PATHS intervention[/rtoc]
Social Dominance, Aggression and Bullying[rtoc]
Dominance in Children
Social Dominance in Younger Children
Social Dominance in Older Children
Aggression in Children
Types and Typologies of Aggression
Is Aggression Maladaptive?
Strategies of control, aggression and morality in preschoolers: an evolutionary perspective
Origins of Aggression: Genetic Factors and Temperament
Callous-unemotional Traits
Origins of Aggression: Parenting
Origins of Aggression: Peer Group Factors
Origins of Aggression: Neighbourhood Factors
Disruptive Behaviour and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Delinquency
Interventions
Bullying in School
Finding Out about Bullying
Types of Bullying
Cyberbullying
Incidence and Structural Features of Bullying
Causes of Bullying
Consequences of being Victimized
Interventions Against Bullying
Large-scale School-based Intervention Programmes
Bully/victim problems among school children: basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention programme[/rtoc]
Part IV: Children’s Developing Minds
Perception[rtoc]
Methods for Studying Infants’ Perception
Preference Technique
Habituation
Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life?
Conditioning
Summary of Methods
Visual Perception
Investigating Infants’ Visual Perception
Pattern Perception
Face Perception
Perceptual Constancies
Object Separation
Depth Perception
Effects of prior experience on a 4.5-month-old infants’ object segregation
Auditory Perception
Effects of the Environment on Perceptual Development
Intermodal Perception[/rtoc]
Language[rtoc]
Main Areas of Language Development
Sequences in Language Development
Shared Rhythms
Babbling and Echolalia
First Words and Sentences
Facilitating children’s syntax development
Gleitman’s Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis
Barrett’s Multi-Route Model
From 3 to 5 Years
The Transition to Literacy
Prereading and Prewriting Skills
Categorizing sounds and learning to read: a causal connection
Tacking Account of One’s Own and Others’ Perspective
Through Narrative Experiences
Learning to Read
Dyslexia
Explanations of Dyslexia
Helping Children with Dyslexia to Cope
Theories of Language Development
The Innate Basis of Language: Chomsky’s Views
Pinker and the Evidence from Pidgin and Creoles
Language and Cognition: A Piagetian Perspective
Cognitive-Functional Linguistics
Adult-Child Speech
A Continuing Debate[/rtoc]
Cognition: Piaget’s Theory[rtoc]
Underlying Assumptions: Structure and Organization
The Stages of Cognitive Development
The Sensorimotor Stage
Reinterpretations of Piaget: The Sensorimotor Stage
The Preoperational Stage
The Preconceptual Period
The Intuitive Period
Piaget’s mountains revisited: changes in the egocentric landscape
Reinterpretations of Piaget: The Preoperational Stage
Conservation accidents
The Concrete Operational Stage
Reinterpretations of Piaget: The Concrete Operational Stage
The Formal Operational Stage
Reinterpretations of Piaget: The Formal Operational Stage
Piaget’s Theory: An Overview
Educational Implications[/rtoc]
Cognition: The Information Processing Approach[rtoc]
Information Processing Limitations
Stage-Like Performance in Information Processing
Problem-solving Strategies
The strategies of scientific reasoning
Attention
Memory Development
Encoding Strategies
Retrieval Strategies
How do memory strategies develop?
Metacognition
Knowledge and Memory Development
Constructive Memory and Knowledge
Summary of the Information Processing Approach
Children’s Eyewitness Research
Children’s Suggestibility
The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers’ reports
Why are Children Misled?
Interviewing Procedures
The Cognitive Interview
Achieving Best Evidence
Stress and Recall
Summary of Eyewitness Research[/rtoc]
Children’s Understanding of Mind[rtoc]
The False-Belief Task
Beliefs about beliefs: representations and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception
Children’s Knowledge of Mind Before About 4 Years of Age
Distinguishing Mental States in Language
Understanding the Relationship between Seeing and Knowing
Understanding the Appearance-Reality Distinction
Predicting Behaviour
When is Theory of Mind Achieved?
Theory of Mind After 4 Years of Age
Theories About the Development of Understanding the Mind
Do Children with Autism or ASD Lack an Understanding of Others’ Minds?
Domain specificity in conceptual development: neuropsychological evidence from autism
How Far Can a Deficit in Understanding Mental Representations Contribute to an Explanation of ASD?[/rtoc]
Learning in a Social Context[rtoc]
The Challenge of Vygotsky
Individual Mental Functioning: Its Sociocultural Origins
Cole’s Work with the Kpelle
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Hedegaard’s Teaching Experiment
Language and Thought
The Impact of Bruner
Scaffolding in Practice
Capturing and modelling the process of conceptual change
Guided Participation in Sociocultural Activity
Collective Argumentation
The Community of Enquiry
Implications for Education
Mathematics in the streets and in schools
The Role of Peers as Tutors
Is Synthesis Possible?[/rtoc]
Intelligence and Attainment[rtoc]
The Development of Intelligence Tests
The First Tests
Revisions of the Binet-Simon Scale
Other Intelligence Scales
Reliability and Validity
Reliability
Validity
The Early Uses of Intelligence Tests
Concepts of Intelligence
Sternberg’s Theory of Intelligence
People’s conceptions of intelligence
Savants
Calendar calculating by ‘idiot savants’. How do they do it?
Intelligence in a Social-Cultural Context
The Use of Intelligence Tests
Children with Learning Difficulties
Gifted Children
Attainment Tests[/rtoc]
Deprivation and Enrichment: Risk and Resilience[rtoc]
Deprivation
Extreme Deprivation and Neglect
Feral Children
The Koluchova Twins
Genie
The Effects of Institutional Rearing on Children’s Development
Early Studies
Romanian Adoptees: The English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study
Socially Disadvantaged Children
Social Disadvantage in the UK
The Impact of Racial Prejudice and Discrimination
Street Children
The Social Reintegration of Children Associated with Armed Forces
Participation as principle and tool in social integration: young mothers formerly associated with armed groups in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Northern Uganda
Explanatory Models
The ‘Deficit’ and ‘Difference’ Models
Risk and Protective Factors
Resilience in the face of adversity: the Kauai study
Interventions: The Role of Families
Nurture Groups
Compensatory Education Programmes in the USA
USA Compensatory Programmes Evaluated
What makes a difference: Early Head Start evaluation findings in a developmental context
Compensatory Education Programmes in the UK
Sure Start
A Continuing Debate[/rtoc]
Part V: Adolescence
Adolescence[rtoc]
The Biological and Physical Changes of Puberty
Variations in Physical Maturation Rates
Theories Concerning Pubertal Timing
Psychological Effects of Puberty
Effects of Physical Changes
The associations among perceived pubertal timing, parental relations and self-perception in Turkish adolescents
Effects of Hormones
Brain Development at Puberty
Effects of Cognitive Changes
Effects of Early and Late Maturation
Relations with Peers
The social brain
Romantic Development
Sexting
Adolescent Sexuality
Lesbian and Gay Adolescents
Adolescence as a Period of Turmoil, or ‘Storm and Stress’
Identity Development and the ‘Identity Crisis’
Conflicts with Parents
Adolescent Bedtimes
Mood Disruption
Risk-Taking Behaviours
Cultural bases of risk behaviour: Danish adolescents